Good day Dear Brothers and Sisters,
Its Tuesday, February 8th 2011
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This Week in History is a collection designed to help us appreciate the fact that we are part of a rich history advocating peace and social justice. While the entries often focus on large and dramatic events there are so many smaller things done everyday to promote peace and justice. To the real peace advocates - YOU! |
Publisher, Carl Bunin • Editor, Al Frank • Detroit, Michigan
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Monday
Feb 7
•Negro History Week
•Swiss suffrage
•Haiti's dictator ousted
•Haiti's president sworn in | Tuesday
Feb 8
•Algeria for the Algerians
•Orange-
burg
Massacre
•Registration resumes in U.S. | Wednesday
Feb 9
•Taxation and representation
•Senator sows suspicion and fear
•Escalation in Vietnam
•Israelis support Palestinians
•Diplomat scorns diplomacy | Thursday
Feb 10
•Pirate radio for peace
•Times a-changin'
•Iraq under surveillance | Friday
Feb 11
•Abolitionist Pennsylvanians
•Birth control advocate arrested
•44-day sit-down wins
•First step of Longest Walk
•Freedom leader freed | SaturdayFeb 12
•Darwin day
•Birth of NAACP
•Veterans oppose draft
•Prince of Peace Plowshares | SundayFeb 13•Mother Jones arrested
•Women Strike for Peace
•Vietnam-era pray-in |
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"Negro History Week" was observed for the first time, conceived by Dr. Carter G. Woodson as an opportunity to study the history and accomplishments of African Americans. Dr. Woodson was the founder, in 1915 Chicago, of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. There he first published the Journal of Negro History — a publication still in existence. "
Woodson was a graduate of the University of Chicago, the Sorbonne, and was the second black man ever to receive his doctorate from Harvard.
He chose February because it is the birth month of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass; now it is considered Black History Month. |
 | More on Dr. Carter G. Woodson's
life and work:
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| Dr.Carter G. Woodson |
Top L-R: Frederick Douglass, former slave and abolitionist leader; Muhammad Ali, poet, World Champion, the greatest; Maya Angelou, poet, novelist, voice of wisdom; Malcolm X, strong and clear-eyed brother seeking freedom and honor and dignity ; Harriet Tubman, liberator and conductor on the Underground Railroad.
Below: Jimi Hendrix, prolific guitar genius, rock 'n' roll writer; Nat "King" Cole, jazz composer, pianist and singer; Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., pastor, scholar and author, leader of a people, inspiration to peacemakers. |
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Congratulations all
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| Peace quote . . . |
"Children learn more from what you are than what you teach."
- W.E.B. Dubois, 1897
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Women in Switzerland were granted the right to vote in national elections and to stand for parliament for the first time in their nation's history. This happened through a national referendum in which only men could vote, passing 621,403 to 323,596. A previous referendum in 1959 failed 2-1. |
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button from the 70's |
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| Haitian self-appointed President-for-Life Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier fled his country after being ousted by the military, ending 28 years of authoritarian family rule. Policies begun by his father, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, had forced many to flee Haiti (the western portion of the island of Hispaniola), leaving it the poorest and most illiterate nation in the hemisphere. Deforestation (for cooking fuel and heat) eliminated forest cover on 98% of the country, in turn leading to significant annual loss of topsoil, often making agriculture unsustainable. |  |
| Jean-Claude `Baby Doc' Duvalier with his father Francois `Papa Doc' Duvailer. |
| Some Haitian history |
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| The Rev. Jean-Bertrand Aristide was sworn in as Haiti's president after winning the country's first-ever democratic election. Haiti had achieved its independence from France in 1804 but had a long succession on unstable governments, as well as significant U.S. control in the first half of the 20th century, including military occupation from 1915 to 1934. | |
| Jean-Bertrand Aristide, in exile during the 1991-94 military junta. |
| Archive of Haitian history |
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| Readers comment |
"Hi Carl, my husband was in Viet Nam in the late 60's and was doing some research. One link led to another and he happened upon your site. I thought that I would surprise him with a button and magnet."
Warren, MIsee more comments |
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| More than 20,000 attended a demonstration in Paris against the Secret Army Organization (Organisation de l'Armée Secrète or OAS), a group of European-Algerians which used terrorist methods to keep Algeria a French colony. |
They set off bombs in Metropolitan France and made multiple attempts on President Charles DeGaulle's life. DeGaulle had chosen a referendum among Algerians to decide their independence; Europeans were outnumbered 9:1 by the native population of Sunni Muslim Arabs and Berbers.
The demonstration was held in violation of a declared state of emergency (because of OAS actions) and, in the subsequent rioting, at least eight people were killed and 240 injured (half of them police officers). |  |
| The terrorist crimes of the OAS |
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Peace Onesies 
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| Peace quote . . . |
"I submit that an individual who breaks the law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for law."- Martin Luther King, Jr
see more quotes |
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The Orangeburg Masssacre |
Three black students were killed and 50 wounded in a confrontation with highway patrolmen at a South Carolina State rally supporting arrested civil rights protesters. Orangeburg's only bowling alley, the All Star, was still segregated years after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had outlawed discrimination based on race in such public accommodations.
On the previous two days, college students had entered the bowling alley, refusing to leave after they were not allowed to bowl. Fifteen of the second group were arrested. |
| The Orangeburg Massacre |
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| President Jimmy Carter unveiled a plan to re-introduce draft registration. |
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| Capt. Paul Cuffe, his brother John, two free negroes, and other residents of Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature for the right to vote. A few years earlier, Cuffe and his brother had refused to pay local taxes, reasoning that there was a connection between an obligation to pay taxes to a government and the right to vote for that government. |  |
| Cuffe's memoir available |
| Captain Paul Cuffee |
| Cuffe's career as ship captain, shipowner, African colonizer and generous citizen |
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| United States Senator Joseph P. McCarthy (D-Wisconsin) accused more than 200 staff members in the State Department of being Communists, launching his anti-red crusade. |
| He made the allegation in a public speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, saying that State was infested with communists, and brandished a sheet of paper which he said contained the alleged traitors' names. "I have here in my hand," he said, "the names of 205 men that were known to the Secretary of State [Dean Acheson] as being members of the Communist party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department." The number changed repeatedly over the following months. Some years later, he confided the paper was actually just a laundry list. |
| Anti-Communist fear ran high in the U.S. at the time. Federal civil servant and Soviet spy Alger Hiss had been recently convicted, and a communist government had just come into power in China. Those accused by McCarthy and others often lost their jobs, regardless of the validity of the accusation of their connection to the Communist Party. |
| McCarthy's career of irresponsible accusation |
| | E.J. Dionne of the Washington Post sees McCarthy echoes in Karl Rove-inspired politics | | Released 50 years later, transcripts of closed committee hearings reveal more abuse | |
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PEACE,
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| Ten thousand, organized by Gush Shalom (peace bloc in Hebrew), a coalition of Israeli peace groups, marched in Tel Aviv against the Ariel Sharon government's increasingly brutal attacks on Palestinian civilians. The harsh tactics were part of Israel's continuing occupation of the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip, territory beyond Israel's internationally recognized 1967 borders. |
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| Six weeks before the Iraq War began, Secretary of State Colin Powell on ABC-TV's "This Week" dismissed the need for U.N. weapons inspectors to continue searching Iraq for weapons of mass destruction. |
 | He said the administration saw no further need for ''inspectors to play detectives or Inspector Clouseau running all over Iraq.'' Clouseau was the bumbling detective played originally by Peter Sellers (and lately Steve Martin) in the Pink Panther films. |  |
| Peter Sellers as Inspector Clouseau |
| U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell presenting evidence at the United Nations |
| U.N. weapons inspectors, left, and Iraqi National Monitoring Directorate members visit a Baghdad storage facility in this photo taken Feb. 5, 2003, just hours before U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell appeared at the U.N. Security Council to offer evidence of alleged Iraqi attempts to hide banned weapons. |  |
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 | The Voice of Nuclear Disarmament, a pirate radio station, began operation offshore of Great Britain. It was run by John Hasted, a physicist, a musician, and a radio expert in World War II. He was active with mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell in the Committee for Nuclear Disarmament, a group that practiced Gandhian an nonviolent civil disobedience.
Pirate radio ship |
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 | Bob Dylan's ''The Times They Are A-Changin''' was released. The album's title song captured the emerging, principally generational gap in American culture concerning war and racism. |
Come mothers and fathers
Throughout the land
And don't criticize
What you can't understand
Your sons and your daughters
Are beyond your command
Your old road is
Rapidly agin' |
the lyrics |
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BRIGHT
peace symbol buttons are
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| Iraq acceded to U-2 surveillance flights over its territory, meeting a key demand by U.N. inspectors searching for banned weapons of mass destruction (WMD) there. The 60 weapons inspectors in Baghdad and Mosul were under the U.N. Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), led by Hans Blix, and the International Atomic Energy Agency under Mohamed El Baradei. |  |
| U-2 spy plane. |
| The U.N. had destroyed all of Iraq's banned weapons by 1994, as well as production and development facilities later, though Saddam Hussein expelled the U.N. representatives in 1998. The economic and trade embargo during the inter-war period prevented resumption of the weapons programs. CIA and other intelligence estimates, however, insisted upon the existence of WMDs in Iraq. None have ever been found. |
| Hans Blix gives his report at the UN as Mohamed El Baradei listens. |
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Thanks for having a great sight that is user friendly as well!"Stephanie
-Boscawen, NH
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 | The Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, composed mostly of Quakers and Mennonites, petitioned Congress for emancipation of all slaves. Benjamin Franklin had become vocal as an abolitionist and in 1787 began to serve as President of the Society which not only advocated the abolition of slavery, but made efforts to integrate freed slaves into American society.
The proposed resolution was immediately denounced by pro-slavery congressmen and sparked a heated debate in both the House and the Senate.
more on early Abolitionist and Anti-Slavery Movements |
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I am a high school teacher and find your calendar informative and inspirational . . . I find that mentioning the events in my class often generates discussion which requires setting a context . . . Again, thank your time and energy you put into this calendar."
-Jim
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Emma Goldman was arrested for lecturing on birth control, presumed a violation of the 1873 Comstock Law which prohibited distribution of literature on birth control, considered obscene under the act.
Goldman considered such knowledge essential to women's reproductive and economic freedom; she had worked as a nurse and midwife among poor immigrant workers on New York's Lower East Side in the 1890s. She also organized for womens' suffrage, later opposed U.S. involvement in World War I, and was imprisoned for allegedly obstructing military conscription. |
 | ". . . those like myself who are disseminating knowledge [of birth control] are not doing so because of personal gain or because we consider it obscene or lewd. We do it because we know the desperate condition among the masses of workers and even professional people, when they cannot meet the demands of numerous children." |
– Goldman letter to the press following her arrest |
Emma Goldman's courageous efforts
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| Emma Goldman speaking on Birth Control -Union Square, New York City May 20, 1916 |
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| Peace quote . . . |
"Every daring attempt to make a great change in existing conditions, every lofty vision of new possibilities for the human race, has been labeled Utopian.."- Emma Goldmann
see more quotes |
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| Forty-eight thousand General Motors workers won their 44-day sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan. On December 30 workers at Fisher Plants 1 & 2 sat down and refused to leave, forcing workers around them to stop work and preventing the next shift from starting. |
 | The sit-down strike ended when the company agreed to recognize the United Automobile Workers union as the representative bargaining agent for the striking hourly employees. Other automakers gradually accepted the legitimacy of the union. The success of the sit-down was an inspiration to workers in other industries to organize their own unions. |
Nearly 100 images on the Flint sit-down from
Detroit's Wayne State University Walter Reuther Archive |
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| Native Americans began The Longest Walk, a march from Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay to Washington, D.C. |
 | The Walk was intended to be a reminder of the forced removal of American Indians from their homelands across the continent, and drew attention to the continuing problems plaguing the Indian community, particularly joblessness, lack of health care, education and adequate housing. | 
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Indian activism |
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| Peace quote . . . |
"In our every deliberation we must consider the impact of our decisions on the next seven generations."- Deganawidah
Peacemaker
and a founder of the Iroquois League
see more quotes |
|
 | Nelson Mandela was freed after 27 years in a South African prison following months of secret negotiations with South African President F.W. (Frederik Willem) de Klerk.
In 1952, Mandela became deputy national president of the African National Congress (ANC), the oldest black political organization in South Africa, having joined as a young lawyer in 1944.
He advocated nonviolent resistance to apartheid – South Africa's institutionalized system of white supremacy, black disenfranchisement and rigid racial segregation. |
However, after the massacre of peaceful black demonstrators at Sharpeville in 1960, Mandela helped organize a paramilitary branch of the ANC to engage in guerrilla warfare against the white minority government.
He and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1993 "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa." |  |
read more |
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| Peace quote . . . |
"For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others."
- Nelson Mandela
see more quotes |
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 | Charles Robert Darwin, who first described the process of evolution of species in the plant and animal kingdoms through natural selection, was born.
It is now celebrated as Darwin Day, when the common language of science, bridging language and culture, is recognized and appreciated. |  |
Darwin Day ideas |
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| The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded by sixty Americans, both black and white, in a call to safeguard civil, legal, economic, human, and political rights of black Americans. |
 | The call was partly in reaction to a race riot in 1908 in Springfield, Illinois, home of Abraham Lincoln. The call was issued on the centennial of his birth, and principally written by Oswald Garrison Villard, president of the N.Y. Evening Post Company: "If Mr. Lincoln could revisit this country in the flesh, he would be disheartened and discouraged." |  |
| Oswald Garrison Villard |
NAACP's beginnings: |
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An estimated 400-500 veterans and conscientious objectors from World Wars I and II burned their draft cards during two demonstrations, in front of the White House and at New York City's Labor Temple, in protest of a proposed universal conscription law.
This was the first peacetime draft-card burning. |
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 | In "Prince of Peace Plowshares," six activists poured blood and symbolically disarmed U.S.S. The Sullivans, a nuclear-capable Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, at the Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine. All were eventually convicted of destruction of government property and conspiracy. |
| read more about this action |
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| Readers comment |
"I learned about peace buttons this summer when a former student visited me and gave me a button with the card. Great student and great gift!"
Hollandale, MN
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| Labor leader Mary Harris "Mother" Jones was placed under house arrest at Pratt (Kanawha Co.), Colorado, for inciting to riot. An organizer for the the United Mine Workers, she had come to the Paint Creek and Cabin Creek mines where a long and nasty struggle had escalated. Jones was known for her fiery (and often obscene) verbal attacks on coal operators and politicians. A native of Ireland, she had been organizing for more than 15 years. |  |
The coal operators had hired mine guards to intimidate the workers and discourage formation of a union. Besides asking to be paid what other area miners were making, the union demanded
• the right to organize
• recognition of their rights to free speech and assembly
• an end to blacklisting of union organizers
• alternatives to company stores
• an end to the practice of using mine guards
• prohibition of cribbing
• installation of scales at all mines for accurately weighing coal
unions be allowed to hire their own checkweighmen to make sure the companies' checkweighmen were not cheating the miners who were not paid hourly, but by the ton.
68 years old (though claiming to be over 80) and suffering from pneumonia, Jones was never charged with a crime (martial law had been declared). A few weeks later, the new governor, Henry Hatfield, was sworn in and examined Mother Jones (he was also a doctor) but refused to release her from house arrest for two months. |
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| Peace quote . . . |
"The employment of children is doing more to fill prisons, insane asylums, almshouses, reformatories, slums, and gin shops than all the efforts of reformers are doing to improve society."
-Mother Jones
see more quotes |
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Carrying huge photos of Vietnamese children who had been victims of Napalm (a flammable defoliant used extensively in the war there), 2,500 members of the group Women Strike for Peace stormed the Pentagon, demanding to see "the generals who send our sons to Vietnam." When Pentagon guards locked the main entrance doors, the women took off their shoes and banged on the doors with their heels. |
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| They were eventually allowed inside, but Defense Secretary Robert McNamara would not meet with them.
Sen. Jacob Javits (R-New York) agreed to meet a few hundred of the women, but he was booed by the women when he denied the U.S. was using toxic gas in Vietnam. |
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| Five soldiers were arrested at a pray-in for peace in Vietnam at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Two were court-martialed for refusing to stop praying. The pray-in was repeated a year later. |
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